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Fyodor Litke (1909 icebreaker)
The icebreaker ''Fyodor Litke'' (SKR-18, (ロシア語:Фёдор Литке, СКР-18)) was active in the Soviet era in the Arctic, until the late 1950s. It was built in 1909 in England for the Saint Lawrence River service and initially named CGC ''Earl Grey'' after Albert Grey, Governor General of Canada.〔Fraser, p.3〕 After four years in Canada it was sold to the Russian government and eventually renamed ''Fyodor Litke'' in honour of the Arctic explorer Fyodor Petrovich Litke.
The ''Litke''〔Name of the ship was usually reduced to ''Litke'', omitting ''Fyodor''.〕 became famous for its Arctic operations in 1932—1935, survived World War II and was retired in 1958 after nearly 50 years of service. Unlike conventional icebreakers that crush ice with their own weight from above, ''Litke'' belonged to an older generation of vessels, relying on ramming and cutting ice without any downward movement.〔Papanin, ch.3〕 For this reason, ''Litke'' was uniquely classified as an ''ice-cutter'' ((ロシア語:ледорез)) or ''icebreaking steamship'' ((ロシア語:ледокольный пароход)), rather than a true icebreaker.
== History ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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